富兰德提示：各种润滑油脂优缺点

<p>&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">润滑油小知识课堂</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">1&nbsp;各种润滑油的优缺点&nbsp;</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　仅仅用基础油是不能成为一个好的润滑剂的，也就是说，每种油在使用过程中都有优点和缺点。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　A&nbsp;矿物油</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　普通矿物油：目前使用得最多的润滑油是以石油馏分为主要原料，成为矿物油，制取这类润滑油的原料充足，价格便宜，生产矿物油的原油一旦选定，就可利用各种组分存在沸点差的特性，通过蒸馏装置分离出各种石油组分。因此，矿物润滑油都是某一沸点范围内的产物。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　精制矿物油：经过蒸馏后的矿物油其中含有很多非理想组分,其粘温性能、抗氧化性能差，必须通过萃取方法从中除去非理想组分。通过脱脂处理，除去在常温下(15℃)就会变成固体的烃类，以免影响润滑油的低温流动性，再除去沥青和少量的溶剂，润滑油的质量就基本达到使用要求。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　深度精制的矿物油：润滑油的深度精制是在精制的基础上通过催化剂的作用，使润滑油与氢气发生各种加氢反应，以除去其中的硫、氧、氮等杂质，以及将部分非理想组分转化为理想组分。硫、氧、氮的存在使润滑剂易于氧化生成酸、胶质、沥青从而腐蚀设备或沉积粘结于设备的工作表面。通过深度精制，可进一步提高润滑油的抗氧化性能、粘温性能、高低温性能。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　目前，世界上深度精制的矿物油只占润滑油总量的5～10％。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　B&nbsp;合成润滑油</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　与矿物油相比，合成润滑油具有以下优点：</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　①良好的耐高温性能：合成润滑油比矿物油的热氧化安定性好，热分解温度高，在高温下不易裂解，从而生成助燃小分子；</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　②粘度指数高,粘温性能好。合成润滑油的粘温性能要比矿物油好，在温度变化条件下，粘度变化小，能使用于工作温度变化较大的场合；</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　③耐低温性能好：与矿物油相比，合成润滑油具有更低的倾点，在极低的温度条件下，仍能保持良好的流动性而不结晶或凝结；</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　④较低的挥发性：合成润滑油一般是一种纯化合物，起沸点范围窄，挥发性低，因此挥发损失小，可延长油品的使用寿命。而矿物油是某一沸点范围内的产物，容易挥发；</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　⑤闪点和燃点高合成润滑油的闪点和自燃点高,相同的高温条件下，不容易发生燃烧，使用安全性好。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　C&nbsp;植物油</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　植物油正越来越受欢迎，它具有矿物油及大多数合成油所无法比拟的特点,就是迅速的降低环境污染。由于当今世界上所有的工业企业都在寻求减少对环境污染的措施，而这种&rdquo;天然&rdquo;润滑油正拥有这个特点，虽然植物油成本高，但所增加的费用足以抵消使用其它矿物油、合成润滑油所带来的环境治理费用。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　植物油优点是毒性低润滑性能和极压性能比石油基润滑油好。但植物油因产量少而比矿物油价格高，另一个缺点是在低温下易结蜡，氧化安定性也不如矿物油好。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　2&nbsp;各种润滑脂的优缺点</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　根据润滑脂稠化剂的不同，可将其分为：钙基脂、复合钙基脂、钡基脂、钠基脂、通用锂基脂、极压复合锂基脂、铝基脂、脲基脂、膨润土润滑脂及磺基聚合脂等。各种润滑脂的优缺点如下：</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　①钙基脂：</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　钙基脂俗称&ldquo;黄油&rdquo;，抗水性好，原料来源广泛，价格便宜；适用于潮湿环境或与水接触的各种机械部件的润滑。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　其缺点是：</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　滴点低，使用温度不超过60℃；使用寿命短；耐热性差,在蒸汽中易硬化；高速条件下，抗剪切性差，不能用于高速。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　&nbsp;②复合钙基脂</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　高滴点，抗水，较好的机械安定性、极压性、胶体安定性及耐热性；适用于较高温度及潮湿条件下大负荷工作的机械部件润滑，使用温度可达150℃左右。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　③钡基脂</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　高滴点,抗水,机械安定性好,不溶汽油和醇；常用于油泵,水泵,船推进器,化工泵</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　④钠基脂</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　耐热性好，使用温度可达120℃,有较好的极压减磨性能；抗水性差,遇水会乳化变稀流失；可用于振动较大、温度较高的轴承上，优其适用于低速高负荷机械部件的润滑，不能用在潮湿环境或水接触部位。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　⑤锂基脂</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　锂基脂滴点较高，使用温度范围：-20～120℃，具有良好的抗水性、机械安定性、防锈性和氧化安定性；但钾基脂长期存在抗磨性能差的缺点，且不宜与其他润滑脂混合使用，贮存易析油，与非金属皂类润滑脂相比，使用温度范围小，抗水性也差，已不能满足现代工业越来越苛刻的要求。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　⑥极压复合锂基脂</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　高滴点，抗水性能良好,有极高极压抗磨性,适用于～20～120℃温度下高负荷机械设备的齿轮、涡轮、涡杆和轴承的润滑。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　⑦铝基脂</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　粘附性好，抗水，滴点低，一般在70℃左右。温度升高，铝基脂对金属的粘附能力下降，一般仅做光学仪器防护性润滑脂，不用于润滑设备，复合铝基脂的生产工艺复杂，能耗量大，而同磺基脂，复合锂基脂相比，轴承运转寿命短。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　⑧脲基脂</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　高滴点，憎水，耐高温，氧化安定性好；但价格昂贵，且抗剪切性能差，在高速．低速剪切条件下，稠度变化大，易变稀流失。而且其所用原料～异腈酸脂是一种剧毒品，所以生产使用过程中防护要求严格，贮存运输困难，使用受到一定限制。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　⑨膨润土润滑脂：</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　无滴点，使用温度高。但在高温下易结焦，严重影响润滑性能，&nbsp;且膨润土是一种矿物，其中很细的砂砾难以除去。因此，轴承的噪音大，使用受到一定限制。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　⑩磺基聚合脂：</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;" /> <span style="color: rgb(66, 66, 0); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;">　　磺基聚合脂滴点高，耐高温性能优异，抗水性、机械安定性极为优异，可满足工业中的苛刻要求</span></p>